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Steps: Place AC source → set amplitude = 5V, frequency = 50Hz Place 1N4001 diode (anode facing input, cathode to output) Connect 1kΩ resistor from output node to ground Add oscilloscope (Instruments menu) across the resistor Run simulation → you'll see ~4.3V peak output (5V − 0.7V diode drop) Circuit 11(b) — Half Wave Rectifier (1N4003) Same steps as above Change AC source to 100V amplitude Use 1N4003 instead (handles higher voltage/current) Expected output: ~99.3V peak Op-Amp Difference Amplifier Circuit Components: 2 input voltage sources: 2mV and 5mV Resistors: 1kΩ, 2kΩ (as shown — likely a difference amplifier) Op-Amp (search: LM741 or ideal op-amp) Ground + power supply (±15V for op-amp) Output formula: V_out = (R_f/R_in) × (V2 − V1)